History of the Income Tax in the United States   

        The nation had few taxes in its early history. From 1791 to

1802, the United States government was supported by internal taxes on

distilled spirits, carriages, refined sugar, tobacco and snuff, property

sold at auction, corporate bonds, and slaves. The high cost of the War

of 1812 brought about the nation's first sales taxes on gold,

silverware, jewelry, and watches. In 1817, however, Congress did away

with all internal taxes, relying on tariffs on imported goods to provide

sufficient funds for running the government.            In

1862, in order to support the Civil War effort, Congress enacted the

nation's first income tax law. It was a forerunner of our modern income

tax in that it was based on the principles of graduated, or progressive,

taxation and of withholding income at the source. Additional sales and

excise taxes were added, and an "inheritance" tax also made its debut.            The Act of 1862 established the office of Commissioner of Internal Revenue. The Commissioner [TO GIVE] the

power to assess, levy, and collect taxes, and the right to enforce the

tax laws through seizure of property and income and through prosecution.

The powers and authority remain very much the same today.   

        In 1868 , Congress again focused its taxation efforts on tobacco

and distilled spirits and eliminated the income tax in 1872. It had a

short-lived revival in 1894 and 1895. In the latter year,

the U.S. Supreme Court decided that the income tax was unconstitutional

because it was not apportioned among the states in conformity with the

Constitution.            In 1913, the 16th Amendment to the

Constitution made the income tax a permanent fixture in the U.S. tax

system. The amendment gave Congress legal authority to tax income and

resulted in a revenue law that taxed incomes of both individuals and

corporations. The withholding tax on wages was introduced in 1943 and

was instrumental in increasing the number of taxpayers to 60 million and

tax collections to $43 billion by 1945.            In 1981,

Congress enacted the largest tax cut in U.S. history, approximately $750

billion over six years. The tax reduction, however, was partially offset by two tax acts, in 1982 and 1984, that attempted to raise approximately $265 billion.(Adapted from http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0005921.html)No texto, a expressão latter year refere-se a